1. Chiyambi cha Chitoliro Chopanda zitsulo
Chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chitoliro chopanda dzimbiri, chokomera bwino, komanso chitoliro chopanda kutentha kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana.
Mipope yachitsulo yosapanga dzimbiri imapangidwa kuchokera ku aloyi yachitsulo, chromium, ndi faifi tambala. Zomwe zili mu chromium zimapereka chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kukana kwake popanga wosanjikiza wopyapyala wa oxide pamwamba pa chitoliro. Chosanjikizachi chimateteza chitoliro ku dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri, kuti chikhale choyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta.
Malinga ndi zotsatira zakusaka, mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri amapezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso magiredi. Mitundu ina yodziwika bwino ndi mapaipi opanda msoko, mapaipi owotcherera, ndi mapaipi okokedwa ndi ozizira. Mipope yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri imatha kugawidwa m'magulu angapo, monga austenitic, ferritic, duplex, precipitation hardning, ndi nickel alloy.
Mwachitsanzo, mapaipi austenitic zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, monga 304 (0Cr18Ni9), 321 (1Cr18Ni9Ti), ndi 316L (00Cr17Ni14Mo2), amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kukana kwawo kwa dzimbiri, kulimba kwambiri, komanso mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri. Mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri, monga 409, 410L, ndi 430, ali ndi kukana bwino kwa kutentha kwambiri koma kutsika kwa dzimbiri. Mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri a Duplex, monga 2205 ndi 2507, amapereka mphamvu zambiri komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo okhala ndi dzimbiri monga madera apanyanja.
Mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale monga mankhwala, petrochemical, mankhwala, chakudya, mphamvu, zomangamanga, ndege, ndi zakuthambo. M'makampani opanga mankhwala, mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula mankhwala owononga. M'makampani azakudya, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ndi kusunga chakudya chifukwa chaukhondo wawo. M'makampani omangamanga, mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazokongoletsera komanso pamakina opangira mapaipi.
Pomaliza, mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chinthu chofunikira chokhala ndi zinthu zapadera zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kukana kwawo kwa dzimbiri, kukana kutentha kwambiri, komanso kukongola kokongola kumawapangitsa kukhala otchuka m'mafakitale ambiri.
2. Zigawo Zazinthu
2.1 Chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Austenitic
Mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri a Austenitic amadziwika chifukwa cha kukana kwawo kwa dzimbiri, kulimba kwambiri, komanso mawonekedwe ake odabwitsa. Mapaipiwa ali ndi mawonekedwe a nkhope ya cubic crystal. Zida monga 304 (0Cr18Ni9), 321 (1Cr18Ni9Ti), ndi 316L (00Cr17Ni14Mo2) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Zomwe zili mu chromium muzitsulozi zimawapatsa kukana kwa dzimbiri mwa kupanga wosanjikiza wopyapyala wa oxide pamwamba. Mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri a Austenitic angagwiritsidwe ntchito pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kutentha ndipo ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana monga mankhwala, chakudya, ndi zomangamanga.
2.2 Chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Ferritic
Mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri a Ferritic amapangidwa makamaka ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa cubic crystal. Zida zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo 409, 410L, ndi 430. Mapaipiwa ali ndi kukana kwabwino kwa kutentha kwapamwamba koma kumachepetsa kukana kwa dzimbiri poyerekeza ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe kutentha kwakukulu kumafunikira koma chilengedwe sichimawononga kwambiri. Malinga ndi zotsatira zakusaka, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha ferritic chimatha kupirira kutentha mpaka 950 ° C.
2.3 Chitoliro Chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Duplex
Mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri a Duplex ali ndi mawonekedwe omwe amaphatikiza magawo onse austenite ndi ferrite. Zida monga 2205 ndi 2507 ndizofala. Mapaipi awa amapereka mphamvu zambiri komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri. Ndioyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo owonongeka kwambiri monga malo am'madzi. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Duplex chili ndi mphamvu zotulutsa zomwe zimatha kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu komanso ndalama zopangira zida.
2.4 Mvula Kulimbitsa Chitoliro Chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Mpweya wowumitsa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri mipope amapangidwa mwa njira ya mankhwala olimba njira ndi mpweya kuumitsa. Zida zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo 17-4PH ndi 15-5PH. Zitsulo izi zimakhala ndi zida zabwino zamakina ndipo zimatha kuumitsidwa ndi chithandizo cha kutentha. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe mphamvu zambiri komanso kukana dzimbiri zimafunikira.
2.5Nickel Aloy Chitoliro Chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Nickel alloy zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimakhala ndi dzimbiri komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri. Zida monga Inconel 625 ndi Incoloy 800 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ma alloys amenewa amakhala ndi faifi tambala wambiri, zomwe zimapatsa mphamvu zawo zapamwamba. Amatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri komanso malo owononga kwambiri, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale am'mlengalenga, mankhwala, ndi petrochemical.
3. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chitoliro Chopanda zitsulo
Mipope yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzamankhwala, petrochemical, mankhwala, chakudya, mphamvu, zomangamanga, ndege, zamlengalenga ndi mafakitale ena chifukwa chamitundu yawo yabwino kwambiri.
3.1 Makampani a Chemical
M'makampani opanga mankhwala, mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri ndi ofunikira ponyamula mankhwala owononga. Kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kumatsimikizira kukhulupirika kwa payipi ndikuletsa kutayikira komwe kungayambitse chitetezo chachikulu komanso kuopsa kwa chilengedwe. Malinga ndi zotsatira za kafukufukuyu, mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri amatha kupirira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala, kuphatikiza ma asidi, maziko, ndi mchere. Mwachitsanzo, mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri a austenitic ngati 316L nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale opangira mankhwala chifukwa cha kukana kwawo bwino kumadera akuwononga.
3.2 Makampani a Petrochemical
M'makampani a petrochemical, mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula mafuta, gasi, ndi ma hydrocarbon ena. Kutentha kwapamwamba komanso mphamvu yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito muzitsulo ndi mapaipi. Mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri a Duplex, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso kukana dzimbiri, ndiwothandiza makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi gasi kunyanja komwe chilengedwe chimakhala choyipa.
3.3 Makampani Opanga Mankhwala
M'makampani opanga mankhwala, mapaipi azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyamula mankhwala ndi mankhwala ena. Ukhondo wa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri umapangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zipinda zoyera ndi malo ena osabala. Mipope yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri imatha kutsukidwa mosavuta komanso chosawilitsidwa, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zomwe zikunyamulidwa zili zoyera.
3.4 Makampani a Chakudya
M'makampani azakudya, mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ndi kusunga chakudya. Kukana kwa dzimbiri komanso ukhondo wazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotetezeka kukhudzana ndi chakudya. Mipope yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi yosavuta kuyeretsa ndi kukonza, kuonetsetsa kuti ikutsatira malamulo okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha chakudya.
3.5 Makampani Amphamvu
M'makampani opanga magetsi, mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale opangira magetsi komanso machitidwe opangira mphamvu. Kulimbana ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndi mphamvu ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu boilers, heat exchangers, ndi solar panels. Mwachitsanzo, mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri amatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri mpaka 950 ° C, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi ena.
3.6 Makampani Omanga
M'makampani omangamanga, mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazokongoletsera komanso m'makina opangira mapaipi. Kukongola kokongola komanso kukhazikika kwachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kumapangitsa kukhala chisankho chodziwika bwino kwa omanga ndi okonza mapulani. Mipope yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pothandizira zomangamanga m'nyumba ndi milatho.
3.7 Makampani Oyendetsa Ndege ndi Azamlengalenga
M'makampani oyendetsa ndege ndi zam'mlengalenga, mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazigawo za ndege ndi zakuthambo. Mphamvu zazikulu komanso zopepuka zachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo a injini, machitidwe amafuta, ndi zida zamapangidwe. Mipope ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ya nickel, yokhala ndi dzimbiri komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri, imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri popanga izi.
Pomaliza, mapaipi azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndizofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale ambiri chifukwa chapadera komanso kusinthasintha. Kaya ikunyamula mankhwala owononga, kukonza chakudya, kapena kupanga ndege, mapaipi achitsulo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri powonetsetsa kuti njira zosiyanasiyana zikuyenda bwino.
4. Mapeto
Mipope yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi zida zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale angapo. Kuphatikiza kwawo kwapadera kwa kukana dzimbiri, kulekerera kutentha kwambiri, mphamvu, ndi zinthu zaukhondo zimawapangitsa kukhala chisankho chofunikira m'magawo ambiri.
M'makampani opanga mankhwala, mapaipi azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri amaonetsetsa kuti mankhwala owononga akuyenda bwino, kuteteza ogwira ntchito komanso chilengedwe. Pokhala ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala, amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri posunga kukhulupirika kwa ntchito zopangira mankhwala.
Makampani a petrochemical amapindula ndi kukana kutentha kwambiri komanso mphamvu zamapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Ndiodalirika ponyamula mafuta, gasi, ndi ma hydrocarbons, ngakhale m'malo ovuta kwambiri akunyanja. Mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri a Duplex, makamaka, ndi amtengo wapatali chifukwa cha kulimba kwawo komanso kukana dzimbiri.
M'makampani opanga mankhwala, zinthu zaukhondo za mapaipi azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndizofunikira kuti zitsimikizire chiyero cha mankhwala ndi mankhwala opangira mankhwala. Kusavuta kwawo kuyeretsa ndi kuthirira kumawapangitsa kukhala chisankho chokondedwa pakusunga malo osabala.
Makampani opanga zakudya amadalira mapaipi azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri pokonza ndi kusunga chakudya. Kusachita dzimbiri kwawo komanso chitetezo chokhudzana ndi chakudya kumawapangitsa kukhala ofunika kwambiri m'makhitchini ndi m'malo opangira zakudya. Kutsatira malamulo a chitetezo cha chakudya kumatheka mosavuta ndi mapaipi azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.
Makampani opanga mphamvu amagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri m'mafakitale amagetsi ndi machitidwe opangira mphamvu zowonjezera. Kukana kwawo kutentha kwakukulu ndi mphamvu ndizofunikira pama boilers, zosinthira kutentha, ndi mapanelo adzuwa. Mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri a Ferritic, omwe amatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri, ndi ofunikira pazinthu zina zamagetsi zamagetsi.
M'makampani omanga, mapaipi azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri amawonjezera kukongola komanso kulimba. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zokongoletsa ndi mapaipi amadzimadzi, komanso kuthandizira pakumanga nyumba ndi milatho.
Makampani opanga ndege ndi zakuthambo amadalira mapaipi azitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri pazigawo za ndege ndi zakuthambo. Mphamvu zawo zazikulu komanso zopepuka zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera magawo a injini, makina amafuta, ndi zida zamapangidwe. Mapaipi achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri a nickel, okhala ndi dzimbiri komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri, ndizofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito movutikira.
Pomaliza, mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Kufunika kwawo kwagona pakutha kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamagulu osiyanasiyana, kuwonetsetsa chitetezo, kuchita bwino, komanso kulimba. Pamene teknoloji ikupitirizabe kupita patsogolo, kufunikira kwa mapaipi osapanga dzimbiri kuyenera kukhalabe amphamvu, ndipo zatsopano zowonjezera pakupanga ndi kupanga zidzapitiriza kukulitsa ntchito zawo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-31-2024